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M. kranjc., P. Kramar, M. Reversek, D. Milklavcic (2007) Gene electrotransfer is a promising nonviral method for transferring genes into the cells. Gene electrotransfer is a method of using electric pulses to temporarily make the cell membrane more permeable and drive the DNA into the the cell. Skin is an attractive target tissue for gene therapy because of its size and accessibility and because it is an excellet target ogan for DNA immunization. It can be used for the treatment of skin disorders and for the treatment of diseases of other organs through systemic response.

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Vilma Natividade Silva Santos, Lydia Masako Ferreira, Edith Kawano Hori, Ivone da Silva Duarte (2004) ATP is a kefactor within the healing process besides being the main energy source of the cell. A higher arrival of ATP is demanded to control primary functions of damaged cells such as the vital minerals (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium) transportation towards inside and outside the cell... RESULTS: On microscopy changes were seen in the fibroblasts amount and structure, and in the collagen of the experimental group, with statistically significant difference (p<0.01) CONCLUSION: MENS reduced the period of restoration of the area undergone Trichloroacetic acid peeling.

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Ava Frick, DVM
Animal Fitness (2003) A two-year old mare sustained a large wound from an injury. After one month of recalcitrant surgical and topical intervention, a course of therapy with a new form of electrical stimulation for healing was undertaken. Microcurrent electrical therapy (MET) was delivered around the wound site using pulsed, modified square waves of 100 microamperes at 0.5 Hz continuously around the clock for three weeks. The wound exhibited substantial healing during the treatment. Three months later the horse was completely healed and was able to resume all her normal activities. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

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E. Neher (1991 Nobel Lecture) By reducing the pipette size, and by optimizing its shape we slowly arrived at a point where signals emerged from the background - first some characteristic noise, later on blips which resembled square pulses, as expected. In 1976, we published records (Neher & Sakmann, 1976) which, with good confidence, could be interpreted as single-channel currents. The fact that similarrecords could be obtained both in our Göttingen laboratory and in the laboratory of Charles F. Stevens at Yale gave us confidence that they were not the result of some local demon, but rather signals of biological significance. The square-wave nature of the signals was proof of the hypothesis that channels in biological membranes open and close stochastically in an all-or-none manner. For the first time one could watch conformational changes of biological macromolecules in situ and in real time...

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NGOK CHENG, M.D., HARRY VAN HOOF, M.D., EMMANUEL BOCKX, M.D., MICHEL J. HOOGMARTENS, M.D., JOSEPH C. MULIER, M.D., RANS J. DE DUCKER, PH. D., WILLY M. SANSEN, PH. D., WILLIAM DE LOECKER, M.D. (1982) Direct electric currents ranging from 10 μA to 1000 μA increase ATP concentrations in the tissue and stimulate amino acid incorporation into the proteins of skin. The amino acid transport through the cell membrane is stimulated between 100 μA and 750 μA. Minimum current intensities of approximately 50 μA are necessary to obtain a maximal stimulatory effect on protein synthesis. Electrostimulation seems to increase protein synthesizing activity primarily and independently, although subsequent stimulation of amino acid transport results in an additional increase in the amino acid incorporation into the proteins. Only when high currents, above 1000 μA, are applied, may electrolysis adversely affect metabolism. With higher currents the inhibitory effects are first observed on amino acid transport, which is more drastically affected than protein synthesis...

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Hiroyuki Ito, Johan Vereecke and Edward Carmeliet (1994). The effect of G protein activation on the ATP-sensitive K+ channel was examined in iventricular myocytes. At low (0 3 mM) intracellular ATP concentration in the bathing solution GTPySgradually activated the K+ATP channel. The activation by GTPyS was irreversible, although high ATP in the bathing solution could completely close the channel.

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Karl J. A. McCullagh, Elisa Calabria, Giorgia Pallafacchina, Stefano Ciciliot, Antonio L. Serrano, Carla Argentini, John M. Kalhovde, Terje Lømo, and Stefano Schiaffino (2004) Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) activity is decreased by denervation in slow muscles and is increased by electrostimulation of denervated muscles with a tonic low-frequency impulse pattern, mimicking the firing pattern of slow motor neurons, but not with a phasic high-frequency pattern typical of fast motor neurons. Results support the notion that NFAT signaling acts as a nerve activity sensor in skeletal muscle in vivo and controls nerve activity-dependent myosin switching.

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John Chae, Francois Bethoux, Theresa Bohinc, Loreen Dobos, Tina Davis and Amy J Friedl (1998) The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of neuromuscular stimulation in enhancing the upper extremity motor and functional recovery of acute stroke survivors. Data suggest that neuromuscular stimulation enhances the upper extremity motor recovery of acute stroke survivors.

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Susan Wray, Ursula Ravens, Alexei Verkhratsky, David Eisner (2004) While investigating the excitation-contraction phase of the heart muscle, It was observed that the plateau phase was virtually insensitive to removal of Na+ ions from the extracellular milieu, while the same intervention completely inhibits the initial upstroke. Conversely, the upstroke was insensitive to the presence of calcium ions, which were necessary to maintain the plateau phase...

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Bing Song, Min Zhao, John Forrester and Colin McCaig (2004) Biological roles for naturally occurring, extracellular physiological electric fields have been proposed over the past century. However, in the molecular era, many biologists presume that electric fields have little physiological relevance because there has been no unequivocal demonstration of their importance at the single-cell level in vivo. We have used an in vivo rat corneal model, which generates its own endogenous electric field and show that nerve sprouting, the direction of nerve growth and the rate of epithelial wound healing are controlled coordinately by the wound-induced electric field.