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Karl J. A. McCullagh, Elisa Calabria, Giorgia Pallafacchina, Stefano Ciciliot, Antonio L. Serrano, Carla Argentini, John M. Kalhovde, Terje Lømo, and Stefano Schiaffino (2004) Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) activity is decreased by denervation in slow muscles and is increased by electrostimulation of denervated muscles with a tonic low-frequency impulse pattern, mimicking the firing pattern of slow motor neurons, but not with a phasic high-frequency pattern typical of fast motor neurons. Results support the notion that NFAT signaling acts as a nerve activity sensor in skeletal muscle in vivo and controls nerve activity-dependent myosin switching.

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John Chae, Francois Bethoux, Theresa Bohinc, Loreen Dobos, Tina Davis and Amy J Friedl (1998) The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of neuromuscular stimulation in enhancing the upper extremity motor and functional recovery of acute stroke survivors. Data suggest that neuromuscular stimulation enhances the upper extremity motor recovery of acute stroke survivors.

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Susan Wray, Ursula Ravens, Alexei Verkhratsky, David Eisner (2004) While investigating the excitation-contraction phase of the heart muscle, It was observed that the plateau phase was virtually insensitive to removal of Na+ ions from the extracellular milieu, while the same intervention completely inhibits the initial upstroke. Conversely, the upstroke was insensitive to the presence of calcium ions, which were necessary to maintain the plateau phase...

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Bing Song, Min Zhao, John Forrester and Colin McCaig (2004) Biological roles for naturally occurring, extracellular physiological electric fields have been proposed over the past century. However, in the molecular era, many biologists presume that electric fields have little physiological relevance because there has been no unequivocal demonstration of their importance at the single-cell level in vivo. We have used an in vivo rat corneal model, which generates its own endogenous electric field and show that nerve sprouting, the direction of nerve growth and the rate of epithelial wound healing are controlled coordinately by the wound-induced electric field.

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Gad Alon, Alan F. Levitt and Patricia A. McCarthy (2007) Objective. To test if functional electrical stimulation (FES) can enhance the recovery of upper extremity function during early stroke rehabilitation. Conclusion. Upper extremity task-oriented training that begins soon after stroke that incorporates FES may improve upper extremity functional use in patients with mild/moderate paresis more than task-oriented training without FES.

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Yang Zhao, Chi-Chiu Ma, Lai-HoWong, GuanHua Chen, ZhiPing Xu, QuanShui Zheng, Qing Jiang and Allen T Chwang (2006) A transition from frictional behaviour to nearly frictionless sliding would occur as the size of the system decreases beyond a critical value. This opens up the possibility of nearly frictionless and superefficient nanoscale molecular oscillators with practically no dissipation of the oscillator energies for a prolonged period of time.

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James Cauraugh, PhD; Kathye Light, PhD, PT; Sangbum Kim, MS; Mary Thigpen, PT, MHS; Andrea Behrman, PhD, PT (2000) After stroke, many individuals have chronic unilateral motor dysfunction in the upper extremity that severely limits their functional movement control. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of electromyography-triggered neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the wrist and finger extension muscles in individuals who had a stroke. Two lines of evidence clearly support the use of the electromyography-triggered neuromuscular electrical stimulation treatment to rehabilitate wrist and finger extension movements of hemiparetic individuals 􏰀1 year after stroke. The treatment program decreased motor dysfunction and improved the motor capabilities in this group of poststroke individuals

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