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Weiss (2004, 2005, 2006) Power Point Presentation. The mean percentage taken from the two independent judges was used for statistical analysis comparing micro amperes with nano amperes. The Chi Square Test revealed significantly better results with the two nano programs. (Immediately after the 5 treatments: face lift p<0.001; wrinkle reduction p<0.001. Four weeks after treatment completion: face lift p< 0.001; wrinkle reduction p< 0.001) .... Statistical analysis of the Chi Square Test revealed significantly better results with the Perfector. (Immediately after the 10 treatments: face lift p<0.01; wrinkle reduction p<0.01. Three weeks after: face lift p< 0.001; wrinkle removal p< 0.001)Conclusion: (1) Perfector is more efficient in lifting sagging muscles and reducing wrinkles than the control microcurrent machine; (2) Perfector results last longer than those of the control microcurrent machine.

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K T Davis, N Prentice, V L Gay and S A Murray (2002) It has been amply demonstrated that gap junctions provide pathways for the direct intercellular exchange of small molecules that include ‘signals’ that modulate growth, differentiation and function in recipient cells. We observed variations within the adrenal cortex that may prove to be relevant to normal physiological regulation of the adrenal gland, especially as it relates to regulation of proliferation, regeneration and ACTH-stimulated steroidogensis.

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R. Nuccitelli (2003) All embryos that have been investigated drive ionic currents through themselves and these currents will generate internal electric fields.Essentially, every organ and cell in the human body uses electric voltage differences and ionic currents in the performance of critical daily functions. Every cell generates a voltage of roughly -70 mV across its outer membrane, which is used for a variety of signalling and transport functions...

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E. Neumann (2000) There is ongoing public concern on potential hazards and risks of even small electromagnetic fields, such as those emanating from electrical appliances. Evolution and persistence of life in the natural geofields and basic scientific experience in using technical electromagnetic fields suggest that, in general, living matter is remarkably stable against external field perturbations within the technical safety limits of the electromagnetic field strengths. Acetylcholine receptor protein as an example for signal amplification was discussed in the context of using electric field pulses to transiently permeabilize cells and tissue for the direct transfer of effector substances and genes in cancer and gene therapy.

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M. kranjc., P. Kramar, M. Reversek, D. Milklavcic (2007) Gene electrotransfer is a promising nonviral method for transferring genes into the cells. Gene electrotransfer is a method of using electric pulses to temporarily make the cell membrane more permeable and drive the DNA into the the cell. Skin is an attractive target tissue for gene therapy because of its size and accessibility and because it is an excellet target ogan for DNA immunization. It can be used for the treatment of skin disorders and for the treatment of diseases of other organs through systemic response.

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Vilma Natividade Silva Santos, Lydia Masako Ferreira, Edith Kawano Hori, Ivone da Silva Duarte (2004) ATP is a kefactor within the healing process besides being the main energy source of the cell. A higher arrival of ATP is demanded to control primary functions of damaged cells such as the vital minerals (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium) transportation towards inside and outside the cell... RESULTS: On microscopy changes were seen in the fibroblasts amount and structure, and in the collagen of the experimental group, with statistically significant difference (p<0.01) CONCLUSION: MENS reduced the period of restoration of the area undergone Trichloroacetic acid peeling.

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Ava Frick, DVM
Animal Fitness (2003) A two-year old mare sustained a large wound from an injury. After one month of recalcitrant surgical and topical intervention, a course of therapy with a new form of electrical stimulation for healing was undertaken. Microcurrent electrical therapy (MET) was delivered around the wound site using pulsed, modified square waves of 100 microamperes at 0.5 Hz continuously around the clock for three weeks. The wound exhibited substantial healing during the treatment. Three months later the horse was completely healed and was able to resume all her normal activities. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

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E. Neher (1991 Nobel Lecture) By reducing the pipette size, and by optimizing its shape we slowly arrived at a point where signals emerged from the background - first some characteristic noise, later on blips which resembled square pulses, as expected. In 1976, we published records (Neher & Sakmann, 1976) which, with good confidence, could be interpreted as single-channel currents. The fact that similarrecords could be obtained both in our Göttingen laboratory and in the laboratory of Charles F. Stevens at Yale gave us confidence that they were not the result of some local demon, but rather signals of biological significance. The square-wave nature of the signals was proof of the hypothesis that channels in biological membranes open and close stochastically in an all-or-none manner. For the first time one could watch conformational changes of biological macromolecules in situ and in real time...

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NGOK CHENG, M.D., HARRY VAN HOOF, M.D., EMMANUEL BOCKX, M.D., MICHEL J. HOOGMARTENS, M.D., JOSEPH C. MULIER, M.D., RANS J. DE DUCKER, PH. D., WILLY M. SANSEN, PH. D., WILLIAM DE LOECKER, M.D. (1982) Direct electric currents ranging from 10 μA to 1000 μA increase ATP concentrations in the tissue and stimulate amino acid incorporation into the proteins of skin. The amino acid transport through the cell membrane is stimulated between 100 μA and 750 μA. Minimum current intensities of approximately 50 μA are necessary to obtain a maximal stimulatory effect on protein synthesis. Electrostimulation seems to increase protein synthesizing activity primarily and independently, although subsequent stimulation of amino acid transport results in an additional increase in the amino acid incorporation into the proteins. Only when high currents, above 1000 μA, are applied, may electrolysis adversely affect metabolism. With higher currents the inhibitory effects are first observed on amino acid transport, which is more drastically affected than protein synthesis...

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Hiroyuki Ito, Johan Vereecke and Edward Carmeliet (1994). The effect of G protein activation on the ATP-sensitive K+ channel was examined in iventricular myocytes. At low (0 3 mM) intracellular ATP concentration in the bathing solution GTPySgradually activated the K+ATP channel. The activation by GTPyS was irreversible, although high ATP in the bathing solution could completely close the channel.